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                    <text>Collserola Mountain Range
The early 1900s marked the arrival of a plethora of amusement parks in the Collserola
mountain range, including Tibidabo Park, Turó Park, the Rabassada, and Lake Valley. These
amusement parks in Collserola emerged as a business opportunity to make profit by advertising
“healthy, moral and entertaining” locations to guests (Sastre-Juan and Valentines-Álvarez
2016: 102). These parks were essentially areas promoted as a utopian universe, offering
glorious landscapes and grandiose hotels. Turó Park was publicized as being “dominated by the
fresh airs” from Collserola, while the Rabassada was referred to as “Eden”, which may have
been a tiny bit of a stretch.
The irony in this is laughable, as pristine and unadulterated air was heavily promoted
by those same elites who owned the factories polluting the same air and water. Urban planners
continued to endorse this illusory environment through the construction of rides in Tibidabo
that were meant to illuminate the “views of the mountain and the sea” (Sastre-Juan and
Valentines-Álvarez 2016: 105). Despite the false advertisement spearheaded by the upper class,
these amusement parks had much success during their time, performing as beacons of
“technological fun” and paving the way for many more advancements in mechanized thrill
rides. However, no advancements could have occurred without the impetus of electricity. The
year 1875 began Barcelona’s introduction to electric lighting, and from that instant onwards,
electricity shaped everyday life by welcoming technology into daily functioning and easing
Barcelona into its character of a “ciudad maravillosa,” outweighing its faults. (Ferrán and NietoGalan 2016: 242; Hughes 2003: 98).

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                    <text>The Palau de la Música Catalana
The Palau de la Música Catalana embodied the zenith of Domènech’s career. Though a
mere 15,000 ft², the Palau retains an abundance of color and individuality that paints the walls,
its hues “dancing a marvelous dance” (Sastre-Juan and Valentines-Álvarez 2016: 92). Through
his building, Domènech links several themes, beginning with the binding of Catalan nationalism
and internationalism, evident in the proscenium. The left arch represents “cançó popular,” or
songs of the people, whereas the opposite side of the proscenium illuminates música universal
and classicalism. These concepts are portrayed through the upper half of Beethoven flanked on
either side by two Doric columns, which insert an air of austerity and masculinity to counteract
the vibrancy exposed throughout the rest of the building. Domènech also interlaced the old with
the new, wielding Gothic stone and glass, mutating them into steel.
Although an admirably unique concept, the same steel provoked many pretentious
complaints, such as the inability to hear Chopin over the cacophony occurring on the
cobblestones outside, voiced by Josep Pla (Hughes 2004: 119). Other disapproval was
expressed when Domènech finished his construction, with many doubting its worth of twice its
intended budget and naming it the Palace of Catalan Junk (Hughes 2004: 127).
In spite of the disputes that came with its erection, the Palau de la Música Catalana has
remained true to its name, and continues the motif of Catalan patriotism by embodying the
essence and history of Catalan music, its shape created by its citizens’ everyday lives (Ferran
and Nieto-Galan 2016: 242).

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                    <text>Casa Llotja de Mar
The beauty of Barcelona bewitches me, its network of streets morphing into a network
of veins, meticulous and flawless, pumping culture rich with history mixed with urbanization
back into the heart of the city. It grows, flourishes, and breathes life, all the while never losing
sight of the past that roots it.
Filling the spaces of Cerdà’s checkerboard blueprint for Barcelona’s Eixample, we find
the Casa Llotja de Mar, a prime portrayal of Catalan Gothic with its eagerness, in the words of
Hughes, to “show you its bones” (Choay 1969: 26; Hall 1997: 135). Comparable to many
Barcelonan places, the Llotja has an enrapturing history of its own. Fast-forwarding through
its past role as a meeting place for negotiating trading deals, and its shutdown and conversion
into a barracks for troops during the Bourbon conquest of Barcelona, neoclassic architect
Soler created plans for a new Llotja in 1764. After its completion in 1804, half of the top floor
housed the Escola de Bellas Artes, the main art school in Barcelona. While Pablo Picasso’s
father taught at the school as a professor, Pablo himself studied there as a student, in addition
to Joan Miró and other lesser known—but still impressive—architects, artists, and the like
(Hughes 2004: 47-52).
Above all the ornate facets found in the Llotja, I find my eye drawn to the “bones”
Hughes refers to, evident in the columns and open space seen in the main hall. Its bareness
and lack of exorbitance provide it with a raw, organic beauty that only places of the past can
capture and urbanization can overtake if excessively done. With names like Picasso walking
through the stairways of the building, one can’t help but wonder what other life filled its
skeleton.

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I firmly believe that even though it is necessary to plan now and look to the future to
grow, the past should never be forgotten; this being said, it makes sense that Barcelona’s
offering of new-age architecture while still preserving remnants of the past is what impresses
me most.
Through the Santa Maria del Mar, we can see the “essence of medieval Barcelona”
(Hughes 2004: 40). The motif of width and length being emphasized over height is repeated
through this landmark, illustrating the sense of security and triumph medieval Catalans felt
when designing the buildings, and as a result, the Santa Maria del Mar is a primeval example
of Catalan Gothic architecture (Choay 1969: 26; Hall 1997: 127). This cathedral, located where
“the city meets the sea,” was a “place made by workers for workers,” utilized by the sailors and
merchants of Barcelona in the 14th century.
In 1936, it was attempted to be burnt down by subversive anarchists during the Spanish
Civil War; incredibly enough, its structure prevailed (Hughes 2004: 59-60). And what a
structure it is—its lofty ceilings and unprecedentedly spaced columns served as an influence
for Gaudí’s La Sagrada Familia, a true testament to the extravagance and allure of the Santa
Maria. Though the internal area of the church was burned out and its vaults are scathed by the
heat of the fire, the Santa Maria may as well have been reborn through the fire with its
unadorned, seemingly untouched interior reminiscent of the Llotja only hinting at secrets of the
past.

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Camille Kresz</text>
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                    <text>Park Güell

Antoni Gaudí and Eusebi Güell began construction of Park Güell, a vast garden
suburb above the city in Barri de la Salut in Gràcia in June 1900. “For fourteen years,
Güell and Gaudi collaborated on what had begun as a garden suburb for sixty families
set on 37 acres of rugged terrain on the Collserola range” (Kent 2002: 226). Its
purpose was to lure buyers to an English-style high-income subdivision (Sobrer
2002: 214). Each of the sixty families was to have an individual house. No wall could
be higher than 80 centimeters and no hedges or other obstructions were permitted.
“Wildness in nature was celebrated and protected: Oaks, carob trees, Spanish
broom, rosemary, and other indigenous plants were preserved” (Kent 2002: 226).
Gaudí created the garden with a series of references to Paradise, through allusions to
the sacred mountain of Monserrat and the grottoes and shrines of traditional
Catalonia that he incorporated into the site's layout” (Kent 2002: 226).
The road and path system in Park Güell was to be an interlocking network more
than a grid, in contrast to Cerdá’s design for the Eixample, the district beside Park
Güell (Hall 1997).
Although the commercial project eventually failed, it did not inhibit Gaudí from
constructing a massive stone Golgatha at the park summit. Now, there is a brilliantly
tiled bench that wraps around the central theater of the park, a Doric-style hypostyle
hall that provides space for civic functions and celebration of local festivities honoring
Catalan culture.

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Irina Swain&#13;
Camille Kresz</text>
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Camille Kresz</text>
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The people of Barcelona have a reputation for political activism, something which is
demonstrated by the statue of Joan Fiveller found on the exterior of the Adjuntament, the building
that houses the government. This statue was created in the 1850’s. According to Robert Hughes’
book, Barcelona: The Great Enchantress, Joan Fiveller was selected over Hercules to represent
the concept of civic strength (Hughes 2004: 16).
Fiveller served as a counselor of the city, and when the king of Catalunya and Aragon came
to visit Barcelona, Joan asserted that the king and his party should pay taxes on the salt cod they
consumed while in the city. Though symbolic, this act garnered him the respect of his fellow
Catalonians and sparked the long history of political activism in Barcelona (Hughes 2004: 16).
This includes the city going dark in 1878 because they refused to pay the municipal tax on gas,
and the very successful tram strike of 1951 against the Franco regime. The citizens of Barcelona
have always been unafraid of powerful opposition, for example, according to Antonio Elorza’s
chapter on “Regional Autonomy and Cultural Authority” the Franco regime’s desire to muffle all
aspects of Catalan culture including language and religion, only served to “bring forward a more
radical form of nationalism” (Elorza 1995: 330).
This theme of political revolutions has helped to shape modern Catalan culture, one of the
most influential instances can be found in the introduction of Teresa Vilarós’s chapter, the Setmana
Tràgica or tragic week most notably, “the anarchist bombings of the Liceu- Barcelona’s Opera
House” (Vilarós 1999: 43). Joan Fiveller’s statue outside of the Adjuntment is a monument that
exemplifies the everlasting revolutionary values of Catalan culture.

1

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                    <text>1
Esplugües de Llobregat
Esplugües de Llobregat is a municipality located in southern Barcelona. It houses many
historical landmarks such as the palace of Can Cortada, home of famous Catalan author, Baron
Malda, as well as Can Cargol, the home of Xavier Corberó, a famous Catalan artist and good
friend of Robert Hughes. In his book Barcelona: The Great Enchantress, Hughes wrote of the
winding catacombs underneath Can Cargol and the entirety of Esplugües de Llobregat (2004: 5) ,
which had been dug for both storage and defense during the times of Roman control over the

region. Robert Hughes suggested that these caves, which were reminiscent of “the secret
labyrinth of a snail shell,” might have been the inspiration for the borough’s name which
translates to House of the Snail. While there, Hughes found an old printing press in one of the
catacombs’ storage rooms and thought it to be used by radicals during the 17th century to
produce Anti-Carlist texts (2004: 5).
Oliver Hochadel and Agustí Nieto-Galan discussed Eduardo Mendoza’s novel, The City of
Marvels, in which the main character is introduced distributing “anarchist pamphlets to (the)
workers” of Barcelona (2016: 1). This theme of demonstrating political activism can be seen
throughout the entirety of Barcelona’s history. An example is the Setmana Tràgica or tragic
week outlined in a book chapter by Teresa Vilarós. Tragic week is the name for the weeks of July
25 to August 2, 1909 in which there were a number of conflicts between the working class of
Barcelona and the Spanish Army (Vilarós 1995: 41). According to Hochadel and Nieto-Galan,
many historians view Barcelona as the “world capital of anarchism” as it serves as a strong
component of Catalan culture and can be found throughout the city’s history, even in regions as
small as Esplugües de Llobregat (2016: 3).

1

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                    <text>Plaze de Mayo is the oldest public square in Buenos Aires. It was established in 1580
and was once known as Plaza de la Victoria and it would be renamed after the
Argentine revolution. Casa Rosada is pictured and many foreigners visiting call it the
Pink Palace. This is the official government building where the president works.
Plaze de Mayo is the key focal point in the community for public gatherings. More
historical buildings that surround Plaze de Mayo are Banco la Nacion which is the
central bank, the cathedral, and the Cabildo. One of the most important statues in
Argentina is located in the center of the square. It is General Belgrano on his horse
holding the country’s flag. He was an important figure for Argentina because he was
one of the leaders for the Argentine Declaration of Independence. One of the most
important events that happen in the square are the Madres de la Plaza, which means
Mothers of May square. Mothers of children who “disappeared” by the military
dictatorship from 1976-1983, are seen every Thursday afternoon in the plaza
demanding answers on where their children are located.

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                    <text>The Teatro Colón is one of the most important opera houses in the world; it can
be ranked with some of the greatest theaters to be built. We can compare this to
the opera houses in Milan, Vienna, Paris, London, and even New York.
Opera is not the only performances that are held in the Teatro Colón, they also
have performances from orchestras, ballets, and choirs. The theater also has its
own production workshops, which are funded by the cities budget. This allows
citizens to freely work, and set up their own productions. If you are an
influential performer, it is essential to come to Argentina and to preform on this
stage. The main hall is in the shape of a horseshoe and allows sounds to be
amplified without any type of sound system. The style mimics Italian and
French theaters and it can sit a total of 2,478 people and has space for standing
room, which can hold an extra 500 more people. The theater has seven levels
for individuals to watch the performance.

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