17 10 581 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/556/Amusement_park_tech.jpg 7db30c0a0aed8f9bdb36a28b5f6b49bf Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technology Picture2 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/10/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/557/Palau_musica_catalana_tech.jpg 603842fb06580ebec72e65abd83d49cd Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technology Picture3 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/10/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/558/Barcelona_light_2.jpg 552774c098a4b60af779dc94ab6263fe Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Technology Picture4 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/10/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/559/Las_Ramblas_2.jpg f4995bc63dfcfad7ec7e946bb22f21e0 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/559/Las_Ramblas.jpg 5b96a3949420f2d14d7737ff975f5b49 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/559/Tricia_Malcom_Jayati_Vyas_-_La_Rambla.pdf dc992d49a631a0b02b43fb436434862e PDF Text Text La Rambla La Rambla, also known as Las Ramblas or Rambla del Raval, is a street in central Barcelona that attracts tourists and visitors alike. A pedestrian mall lined on both sides with luscious trees, La Rambla stretches for 0.75 miles. It forms the boundary between the quarters of Barri Gòtic to the east and El Raval to the west, and lies south of the Plaça de Catalunya. It is referred to as ‘Las Ramblas’ for the multitude of shorter streets that it is comprised of, including Rambla de Canaletes, Rambla dels Estudis, Rambla de Sont Josep, Rambla dels Caputxins, and Rambla de Santa Mónica. There was a period of time when La Rambla lost its charm—when the city of Barcelona was in a state of political and social transition. During this time, “the Rambla became a somewhat traumatic red light, with not infrequent cases of drug-fuelled physical attacks and even murder serving to disconnect the old town from la zona alta” (McNeill 2002: 251). A long, wide thoroughfare that replaced and cleansed the degraded zones of poverty and prostitution that is now used for festivals, markets, and sports, La Rambla is crowded throughout the day and well into the night. “The street is increasingly log-jammed, its old kiosk-inspired role as an informal ingestion of news replaced, or at least hindered, by an array of performance artists, the protrusion of metallic café chairs, caricaturists, and trinket stalls” (McNeill 2002: 250). La Rambla was initially a simple river bed. It then was transformed into a street and became a major part of the city (“Barcelona: The History of La Rambla” 2012). As Hall says, “It was now that La Rambla acquired the character of a promenade, as the watercourses were covered and trees were planted” (Hall 1997: 127-28). It also solved the city’s need for nature, because as Kent declares “Among the extreme architectural solutions to the need for parks […] is the Rambla de Mar…” (Kent 2002: 234). During this period, Hughes describes that, “Today, for most people, the Ramblas is Barcelona” (2004: 79). This streetway was always busy with visitors or various vendors selling �different products or goods. One of products frequently sold are flowers, in fact, one thing that Catalans are known for are their overly gaudy flower arrangements. Next door, people are selling different species of birds, such as finches, toucans, and macaws. Hilariously, the birds would occasionally escape and fly to the Parc de Ciutadella, joining the other escapees (Hughes 2004: 79). The most distinguishing feature of La Rambla, besides the assortment of business and restaurants, are the trees surrounding the roads on both sides (Hall 1997: 127-128). The best way to illustrate how important the Ramblas are would be described by Robert Hughes, “The Ramblas is and always will be one of the great, seedy, absorbing theatres of Spain, or for that matter of Europe” (2004: 80). —Edited by Irina Swain and Benjamin Fraser with text from Tricia Malcolm and Jayati Vyas � https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/559/Bishop_Victoria_-_Las_Ramblas.pdf 09f18b62fe5515d8295077505cef30c3 PDF Text Text Las Ramblas When tourists are not at Sagrada Familia, another popular place to visit in Barcelona to experience the culture is Las Ramblas. There are many sites located on Las Ramblas that many tourists want to stop and see such as the Boquería, the statue of Christopher Columbus, the port, and shops and restaurants to try out. There is no shortage of people on the Las Ramblas and there is always some aspect of Catalan culture to look at, admire and take in the when on Las Ramblas. Las Ramblas is a place in Barcelona that extends from Plaça de Catalunya to the Port of Barcelona. Las Ramblas “became the first true avenue in Catalunya” (Hughes 2004: 79) making it quite the accomplishment in Barcelona, especially considering the fact that Las Ramblas is located in the old part of the city. In fact, “today, for most people the Ramblas is Barcelona” (Hughes 2004: 79) making it one of the top places that tourists come to see. At the end of Las Ramblas is the Port of Barcelona, where cruise ships come in and dock giving those passengers easy access to Las Ramblas. It is set up in a way that is very friendly to pedestrians—there is a large space in the middle of the road to walk up and down and look at everything that is going on, and cars drive by on each side. There are many crosswalks making it easy to cross the street and get to the shop that catches someone’s eyes. This is quite the place for tourists to go and get a quick glimpse at Barcelona. Also on Las Ramblas there are many vendors who set up and sell paintings and other crafts to the tourists. There are also stores on Las Ramblas that tourists can go into to get their souvenirs, along with kiosks that line the middle of the avenue. There are painters and street performers who line the street, including people who play the part of a statue. Hughes describes them: “here are ‘human statues’ poised immobile on their crates, bizarre and infrangibly silent” (2004: 79). There are so many different kinds of statues that line the streets, everyone can probably find one that they 1 �enjoy—and they are hard to miss because they are so common. When walking past the people standing there it can be easy at first to mistake them for actual statues, until they start to move to strike a different pose for those passing by to take a picture of them. Displays like that are what make the avenue a place that is to produce a “successful cultural product” (Vilarós 1995: 45). Las Ramblas is quite the place to experience the culture of Barcelona, and get a little bit of everything. While Las Ramblas has a lot of culture from Barcelona, there are some places on the avenue that may be familiar to international visitors. Because Las Ramblas is a poplar place for tourists to visit there are some chain restaurants located along the avenue, some of them are even popular here in the United States. Starting at the beginning of the Avenue in Plaça de Catalunya, there is a Hard Rock Café, the café is surrounded by shops that are from Spain, but it can give a sense of home to tourists who are visiting the city. There is also a Subway, KFC, and McDonalds located down the avenue, which plays to the international crowd that comes to visit Las Ramblas. In No Word From Gurb Eduardo Mendoza describes Las Ramblas as “full of the most varied specimens of the human race, and just seeing then would be enough to confirm that Barcelona is a seaport” (Mendoza 1990: 79). This shows how diverse that crowd on the avenue is and how being right off the port diversifies the crowd even more. Las Ramblas offers a wide array of activities to do, places to see and culture to witness. It gives the person who is visiting Barcelona that does not have much time an easy way to absorb a lot of the culture in a relatively short amount of time. So many wonderful things happen on Las Ramblas that it is totally worth a visit if one is ever in Barcelona because it will provide an experience that is unforgettable. 2 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Las Ramblas Subject The topic of the resource Las Ramblas Description An account of the resource Las Ramblas are located in Barcelona, Spain Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Victoria Bishop, Tricia Malcom, Jayati Vyas, Benjamin Fraser, Irina Swain Type The nature or genre of the resource Document, Still Image Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/16/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Victoria Bishop Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 02/16/2017 Barcelona Jayati Vyas La Rambla Las Ramblas Spain Tricia Malcom Victoria Bishop https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/560/health_1.jpg 51f859ad6a96b4d9e272794a38cef7db https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/560/Parc_tauli.png 3e1dce5fa31678c405f5e20836341b4b https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/560/Parc_tauli_2.png 65f0151ec9726430d9cd70cc24347ea4 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/560/Health_map.png 7c464310abd4ad982ffb1015ac60333b https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/560/Health_plan.jpg 6f706bfe69e18d663764505b0f09c974 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Health in Barcelona Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Google Earth https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/eduardo_mendoza.jpg dc659f59f0109bcff79e270face5dbf6 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/Alien_human.jpg 5e5babb5f8476b0798da4da7f28e55f7 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/barcelona.jpg fac82c8565940ece83e6baaf4209df55 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/olympics_barcelona.jpg 81a7aa195fb1c0bc8aa6d97e2d50a37e https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/globe.jpg 66a19f735de29ad6136f289ec60e86d7 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/561/No_Word_From_Grub.jpg 01f532c699fb46ae42cee73ae2d3b1c2 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Science Fiction in Barcelona Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/16/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/562/Monjuic_OR.jpg fb5b89b2960a235551f7d0c9ace339a8 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/562/Grace_Langley_-_Monjuic_Hill.pdf 200865d6bbc62a7fde26116d90278e05 PDF Text Text Montjuïc Montjuïc hill is located towards the center of Barcelona in a very popular area of the city. The site was used for “expressions of self-managed fun by the working class, such as picnics by the many wells (known as fontades) or popular dancing” (Sastre-Juan and Valentines-Álvarez, 2016: 107). The popularity of the area made Montjuïc hill the perfect place to introduce new, more technological modes of fun and entertainment through urbanization and modernization. In addition to introducing technology as a source of entertainment, the urbanization of the hill was also meant to promote the use of electric light. The urbanization of Montjuïc hill was part of the 1929 International Exhibition, which included the modernization of many other sites. One of the most famous engineers in Catalonia, Marian Rubió, and his two sons, Nicolau and Santiago Rubió, oversaw, planned, and executed the urbanization of the hill with the assistance of other engineers and architects. The project included mechanical rides, a funicular railway, pavilions, and an “electric magic fountain” (Ferran and Nieto-Galan 2016: 223). Montjuïc hill would become one of the final pieces of the ‘technological fun belt’. The ‘technological fun belt’ included “the Parc de la Ciutadella in the eastern part of the old city center, the Collserola mountain in the northern part of the new expanded city, and finally the Montjuïc hill in the western part” (Sastre-Juan and Valentines-Álvarez, 2016: 95). The introduction of new technological fun played a key role in the overall urbanization of the city. Montjuïc hill remains a significant artifact today marking the cultural transformation of Barcelona. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Montjuïc Subject The topic of the resource Montjuïc Description An account of the resource Montjuïc Hill is located in Barcelona, Spain Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Grace Langley, Benjamin Fraser Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/16/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Type The nature or genre of the resource Document, Still Image Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 02/16/2017 Barcelona Grace Langley Monjuïc Hill Spain https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/563/OR_Barrio_Chino.png 0190272438f0f1dd4d8434f726ac4d63 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/563/Barrio_Chino2_OR.1.jpg a3ae19961dc3d121e3e704d5c40b6cd5 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/563/Camille_Kresz_Benjamin_Fraser_[eds]_-_Barrio_Chino.pdf ded90165346de1135bdefbe7ac38925f PDF Text Text Barrio Chino: Description and Important Sites Barcelona is a city that is divided into two major sections: the old city, more specifically the Barrio Chino, and the Eixample. Historically, the Barrio Chino (Fifth District) was a place in Barcelona that remained constantly busy regardless of the bad reputation that it held. People went there to enjoy themselves and relish in the excitement of the nightlife full of sex, music, drugs and consequently disease. Nowadays, the area is characterized by construction sites, graffiti, debris, tight corners, and crooked streets, which paints a negative and grotesque view of El Barrio. The sounds of jackhammers, bulldozers, and breaking concrete that fill the streets creates an atmosphere of discontent and restlessness. The Barrio Chino had a poor reputation around the beginning of the 1900s. It was an area known for illicit activities, decrepit behavior, and libertarian forms of anarchism. It was full of crowded streets, large factories full of immigrants, and homes with people in desolate conditions. Along with these, it was a place that night-life thrived where visitors could gamble and listen to jazz music. Indeed, this borough played and large role in the emergence of various musical styles, including jazz, as well as housing concepts of political change related to libertarian anarchism. Most of the inhabitants of the Barrio Chino worked in factories and workshops. To quote Zarzoso and Pardo-Tomás, “Barrio Chino was home to a “complex coexistence of diverse urban subcultures” (2016: 165). Their cafes, cabarets, and taverns were buzzing with political and social talk. The streets that were known for drugs and prostitution were also home to places for the sick and poor to be cared for. The Barrio Chino is a place that brought medical advances, even despite the lack of attention, such as the layout of the healing houses. Likewise, the Barrio Chino contained anatomical museums, known as museos anatómicos, which helped to popularize medical culture for the masses. The Barrio Chino was also home to the exclusively 1 �female Queen Amalia prison dedicated to reforming prisoners. Nonetheless, the ruling government was disgusted, appalled, and wanted a change. (Zarsoso Pardo-Tomas 2016: 165). In April 1932, the Fifth District in Barcelona was poised to see a rapid change, when Francesc Macià, a significant political figure in Barcelona, Dr. Jaume Aiguade, the mayor of the time, and some young Barcelonan architects along with Le Corbusier constructed a plan to overhaul the space. These plans were incredibly aggressive: they proposed tearing down all buildings and roads in the area. Despite having high hopes for the region, very few aspects of the original plan were fully carried out. Construction was essentially halted at the onset of the civil war when the Franco regime came into power. While these improvements were largely positive for the new residents of Barrio Chino, the previous inhabitants faced many hardships with the renovations. Many inhabitants of the city were forced out of their homes and given a settlement for the homes to be rebuilt and sold at a higher price to middle-class homebuyers. The inability to convince middle-class homebuyers of the affluent status of the neighborhood caused the idea of gentrification to fail. The area was renamed El Raval after the post-Olympic era but is still informally known as the Barrio Chino (Zarzoso and Pardo-Tomás 2016: 178). Several important monuments are located in the Barrio Chino, such as the Romea Teater and the church of Sant Pau de Camp. —Edited by Camille Kresz and Benjamin Fraser with text from Samuel Alvarado, Victoria Bishop, Grace Langley, Tricia Malcom, Amy Musgrave, Lillie Rhodes, Kendall Schunk, Jayati Vyas and Ashley Weingartz 2 � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Barrio Chino Subject The topic of the resource Barrio Chino Description An account of the resource The Barrio Chino is a district located in Barcelona, Spain Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Samuel Alvarado, Victoria Bishop, Grace Langley, Tricia Malcom, Amy Musgrave, Lillie Rhodes, Kendall Schunk, Jayati Vyas Ashley Weingartz Camille Kresz, Benjamin Fraser Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/16/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Type The nature or genre of the resource Document, Still Image Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 02/16/2017 Amy Musgrave Ashley Weingartz Barcelona Barrio Chino Camille Kresz Grace Langley Jayati Vyas Kendall Schunk Lillie Rhodes Samuel Alvarado Spain Tricia Malcom Victoria Bishop https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/564/Eixample_aire_OR.jpg 9e2e64c5bcc76834ba60c3b9d820e4df https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/564/Rachel_Harris_-_Ildefons_Cerda_the_Eixample.pdf e73df340496650bc01faa55b36506674 PDF Text Text Ildefons Cerdà & the Eixample Due to the growth of the city, something had to be done to handle the larger population. The rational response was the development of more buildings for housing, shopping, and other things that are needed for city-life. Therefore, the Eixample was constructed. Built after the city had already been constructed, in essence, it is an addition or an annex. Even though the plan was formulated in the year 1855, it took a few years for the plans to be pushed into action. It was officially approved in 1859 but revised again in the year 1863. Eventually, the area would serve as a “solution to the problems of developing a new city on a grand scale” (Kent 2002: 224). The urban planner and architect behind this massive project was a Catalan named Ildefons Cerdà. Originally trained as a civil engineer, he devoted himself to politics and urban planning after the death of his brothers. When they did, it resulted with him inheriting a fortune. Once he discovered that the government decided to listen to the people’s pleading to tear down the city walls, he realized that the new extension was in peril of being designed just like the old town. He knew that if it was designed to model the Barcelona at the time, the area would be too uninhabitable and unattractive—not to mention unhealthy and unclean. Despite all his hard work, he passed away before he could receive all his wages from the Eixample. The walls were in place by Barcelona since they were historically used for protection from invading enemies. When cannons were the primary weapon, it was in the city’s best interest to have a large vast area; therefore, they could not be easily wiped out by a single cannonball. The tearing down of the wall and building of the Eixample held “extraordinary significance for Catalans: it was an epochal event marking [...] the aggregation of urban space” (Resina 2008: 7). 1 �By undertaking work to ensure the new addition would meet the needs of the community, Cerdà designed a plan that was ahead of its time. He focused on making the streets wider to accommodate the traveling of carriages and horses. In addition, Cerdà noticed that there was a need for natural beauty in the city, namely sunlight, greenery, and a clean way to dispose of waste. Taking these facts into account, Cerdà designed what he termed “interways.” Interways were similar to squares, but instead of being closed off on all four sides, the fourth side was open. In some cases, more than one side was left opened. This further allowed for more gardens, which were an essential aspect of the Eixample. The interway composed a grid or interweaving of several street blocks. Each measuring 113 x 113 meters, the street blocks were uniformed and added to the structured and orderly atmosphere of the addition. In Cerdà’s perception, gardens were more than just a distraction from buildings—they were essential to a city. While it was undeniable that gardens can be a spectacle, they are also a hygienic necessity. Cerdà even states that “gardens act as air tanks.” He felt that gardens were so important that he wanted to incorporate green spaces throughout Barcelona. This plan included developing two parks: one on Montjuïc and one alongside the Besòs River. While his plans involving these two parks were never actualized, his ideas sparked the government in Barcelona to consider its need for a large substantial park or green space. Instead of an interlocking network, which was traditional for many city planners at the time, Cerdà’s plan included a rectilinear grid for the Eixample that was vastly complex and disciplined. In Peter J. Taylor’s book World City Network: A Global Urban Analysis, the idea of an interlocking network was explained as, “a general conceptualization of city network formation involving a range of city networkers” (2003: 94). An example of an interlocking network would be Gaudí’s Parc Güell. 2 �In conclusion, another accomplishment that can be attributed to Ildefonso Cerdà is the creation of many words in the Spanish language. One of these words is “urbanizaciόn,” which he coined in 1867. He meant it “to define a new field of activity, as yet ‘intact, virgin’, for which the Spanish language had no appropriate term” (Choay 1969: 7). Up until the Industrial Revolution, little thought was given to the creation of a plan. Even though the idea of town planning is common to modern-day urban dwellers, during the nineteenth century this concept was unprecedented. 3 � https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/564/Andrew_Lee_-_The_Eixample.pdf 9cf28394aa5fd211d71cbd66b46fec38 PDF Text Text The Eixample The Eixample district of Barcelona is one which has been enhanced by a vast incorporation of plant life and medical advances throughout history. From its inception, Ildefons Cerdà developed the plans for district, which were revised twice. Cerdà’s district planning revolved around a 113 by 113 meter block system, though these were not standard city blocks. The blocks designed by Cerdà had “remained open on at least one side, thus allowing gardens to be an essential part of the Eixample” (Kent 2002: 224). Another incorporation of greenery that can be seen in the Eixample district is the Rambla de Mar, a wooden walkway that extends into the Mediterranean sea. Plant life is an essential aspect of the district, as it acts as a comforting agent from the surrounding city. The Eixample also saw many advances in medicine. The Hospital de Sant Pau was designed with the patients in mind. Its goal was to “banish some of the association of hospitals with death and suffering” (Hughes 2004: 118). Dr. Cardenal and Dr. Botey’s healing houses further demonstrated the new concept of approaching medicine on a patient-first basis. These healing houses made patient comfort a priority. Cardenal’s is even described as “abundantly airy and sunny” (Zarzoso and Martínez-Vidal 2016: 79). This relates to modern-day amenities in hospitals, such as televisions and internet in waiting rooms as well as toys with which children can play. The Eixample is separated from other districts by its modern take on plant life within the city along with its early adoption of modern medicine, putting the patient’s comfort first. � Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Eixample Subject The topic of the resource Eixample Description An account of the resource The Eixample is a district located in Barcelona, Spain Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Andrew Lee, Rachel Harris, Benjamin Fraser Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/16/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Type The nature or genre of the resource Document, Still Image, Sound Date Created Date of creation of the resource. 02/16/2017 Andrew Lee Barcelona Eixample Rachel Harris Spain https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/565/Barcelona_International_Expo_1929.jpg 43c11c216edde26f5bfb4417ef215dc7 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/565/Barcelona_International_Expo_1929_2.jpg a4309eddf1e6f9738f50b479be5fe352 https://collections.ecu.edu/files/original/20/565/montjuic.jpg 1e5b426eac12a508d2a3b18becc7c193 Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Digital Barcelona Subject The topic of the resource Sights around Barcelona Description An account of the resource The items (text documents, audio, video) used in the collection were created by the students from Fall 2016 HONS 2011.003: Barcelona: An Urban Cultural history class taught by Dr. Benjamin Fraser. Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Benjamin Fraser Irina Swain Camille Kresz Language A language of the resource English, Spanish Identifier An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context Digital Barcelona Date Created Date of creation of the resource. January 2017 Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Irina Swain Camille Kresz Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource International Exhibitions Subject The topic of the resource International Exhibitions Creator An entity primarily responsible for making the resource Camille Kresz Publisher An entity responsible for making the resource available Camille Kresz Date A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource 02/17/2017 Rights Information about rights held in and over the resource Creative Commons Type The nature or genre of the resource Still Image